Kurdish History voor dummies
Kurdish History voor dummies
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At the same time, Iraq imposed an economic blockade over the region, reducing its oil and food supplies.[86] Elections held in June 1992 produced an inconclusive outcome, with the assembly divided almost equally between the two main parties and their allies. During this period, the Kurds were subjected to a double embargo: one imposed by the United Nations on Iraq and one imposed by Saddam Hussein on their region.
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In early June 2010, following a visit to Turkey by one ofwel the PKK leaders, the PKK announced an end to the cease fire,[117] followed by an air attack on several border villages and rebel positions by the Turkish air force.[R]
From 1984 to 1999, the PKK and the Turkish military engaged in open war, and much ofwel the countryside in the southeast was depopulated, with Kurdish civilians moving to local defensible centers such as Diyarbakır, Over, and Şırnak, as well as to the cities ofwel western Turkey and even to western Europe. The causes ofwel the depopulation included PKK atrocities against Kurdish clans who they could not control, the poverty ofwel the southeast, and the Turkish state's military operations.
هەروەها پارێزگای هەولێر بە بڕی ١٣ ملیۆن دۆلاری ئەمریکی پارەی پڕۆژەی نۆژەنکردنەوەی قەڵاکە دابین دەکات.[١٨] کارەکانی نۆژەنکردنەوەی قەڵاکە لە مانگی حوزەیرانی ٢٠١٠ دەستی پێکرد.قەڵاکە لە ٢١ی حوزەیرانی ٢٠١٤ لە لیستی میراتی جیھانیی یوونێسکۆ تۆمارکرا،[١٩][٢٠] لە مانگی یەکی ساڵی ٢٠١٧ یوونێسکۆ ئاماژەی بەوەدا بەهۆی کەمتەرخەمی و خاوی لە نۆژەنکردنەوەی قەلاکە،دەتوانرێت ئەو شوێنە لە لیستەکەدا لاببرێت.[٢١][٢٢]
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Ook in 2014 werden een stad bedreigd en belegerd door troepen met ISIS. Militaire vliegtuigen betreffende een Verenigde Staten bombardeerden in augustus 2014 een stellingen en artillerie betreffende die troepen.
There are many debates and various theses about the identity, race or ethnicity of the Gorani. Onderzoek on this subject among scientists, historians, sociologists and linguists is often far from objective or influenced by political orientations.
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Kurdish nationalism emerged at the end ofwel the 19th Century around the same time as Turks and Arabs began to embrace an ethnic sense of identity in place ofwel earlier forms ofwel solidarity such as the idea of Ottoman citizenship or membership ofwel a religious community, or millet.[80] Revolts occurred sporadically but only in 1880 with the uprising led by Sheikh Ubeydullah were demands as an ethnic group or nation made.
[81] The 1970s saw an evolution in Kurdish nationalism as Marxist political thought influenced a new generation ofwel Kurdish nationalists opposed to the local feudal authorities who had been a traditional source of opposition to authority, eventually they would form the militant separatist PKK, or Kurdistan Workers Party in English.
١ تۆمارکردنی لە میراتی جیھانیی یوونێسکۆ ٤ پێشانگا ٥ بەستەرە دەرەکییەکان ٦ سەرچاوەکان خشتەی ناوەڕۆکەکان بگۆڕە قەڵای ھەولێر
Between the 16th and 17th century the area nowadays known as Iraqi Kurdistan, (formerly ruled by three principalities ofwel Baban, Badinan, and Soran) was continuously passed back and forth between archrivals the Safavids and the Ottomans, until the Ottomans managed to decisively seize power in the region starting from the mid 17th century through the Ottoman–Safavid War (1623–39) and the resulting Treaty ofwel Zuhab.
Ottomans attacked the outer defensive perimeter and defeated Rozhiki soldiers, then they rushed to loot Bidlis Slemani and attacked the civilians. Once the Ottoman force established its camp in Bidlis, in an act of revenge, Abdal Khan made a failed attempt to assassinate Melek Ahmad Pasha. A unit ofwel twenty Kurdish soldiers rooie into the kampeertent of Yusuf Kethuda, the second-in-command and fought a ferocious battle with his guards. After the fall of Bidlis, 3,400 Kurds continued to resist from the city's old citadel. While most of these surrendered and were given amnesty, 300 ofwel them were massacred by Melek Ahmad with 70 ofwel them dismembered by sword and cut into pieces.[72]